Each USD invested into land restoration can have social returns of about 3–6 USD over a 30-year period. Investments into SLM, land restoration and rehabilitation in dryland areas have positive economic returns ( high confidence). Higher intensity of sand storms and sand dune movements are causing disruption and damage to transportation and solar and wind energy harvesting infrastructures ( high confidence). Dust storms were associated with global cardiopulmonary mortality of about 402,000 people in 2005. Unsustainable land management, particularly when coupled with droughts, has contributed to higher dust-storm activity, reducing human well-being in drylands and beyond ( high confidence).

In many dryland areas, spread of invasive plants has led to losses in ecosystem services ( high confidence), while over-extraction is leading to groundwater depletion ( high confidence). Desertification has already reduced agricultural productivity and incomes (high confidence) and contributed to the loss of biodiversity in some dryland regions ( medium confidence). Other dryland regions have also experienced desertification. The highest numbers of people affected are in South and East Asia, the circum Sahara region including North Africa and the Middle East including the Arabian Peninsula ( low confidence). Desertification hotspots, as identified by a decline in vegetation productivity between the 1980s and 2000s, extended to about 9.2% of drylands (☐.5%), affecting about 500 (☑20) million people in 2015. Fossies Dox: grass-8.2.0.tar. The multiplicity and complexity of the processes of desertification make its quantification difficult. About: GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) is a raster- and vector-based GIS, image processing system, graphics production system and spatial modeling system. Drylands currently cover about 46.2% (☐.8%) of the global land area and are home to 3 billion people. The range and intensity of desertification have increased in some dryland areas over the past several decades ( high confidence).

Desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, collectively known as drylands, resulting from many factors, including human activities and climatic variations. Example of this is r.sun.daily in GRASS GIS Addons repository (note nproc4): r.sun.daily elevationelevlid7921m globradbasenamedailyrad startday255 endda圓02 -t nproc4 Some modules are not parallel because it is hard or impossible to parallelize the process or because the parallelized version doesnt give any performance advantage.

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